Russia , also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia,Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the U.S.state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is thelargest country in the world, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth’s inhabited land area. Russia is also the world’s ninth most populous nation with 143 million people as of 2012. Extending across the whole ofnorthern Asia, Russia spans nine time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world’s largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil andnatural gas globally. Russia has the world’s largest forest reserves. Its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world’s liquid fresh water, 20% in Lake Baikal alone.
The nation’s history began with that of the East Slavs, who emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, themedieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.Rus’ ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus’ lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde. The Grand Duchy of Moscowgradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus’. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland in Europe to Alaska in North America.
Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Soviet Union, the world’s first constitutionally socialist state and a recognized superpower, which played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world’s first human spaceflight. The Russian Federation became the successor state of the Russian SFSR following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, and is recognized as the continuing legal personality of the All-Union state.
The Russian economy is the world’s eighth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity, with the 3rd largest nominal military budget. Russia is one of the world’s fastest growing major economies. It is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a member of the G8, G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and is the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
摘自维基百科
英语：Russia’s unique folk customsThe russians on wine have a special complex. Ladies generally like to drink champagne and wine, and vodka is men’s most beloved. Russians like pure white wine, and like mugs big cup to drink down. This is their gracious romantic, informal section of the character of the reflection.Russia useful bread and salt to meet the honored guest habit. A the hotel, and beheld two from a fairy tales out of the Russian girl dressed tender go forward, they affectionately smartly, then handed you a piece of bread rolls, put a little above salt cylinder. You piece of bread with the salt to eat. With bread and salt reception guests, because salt in history is very expensive, has followed so far, say to the honored guest friendly and respect.Set of OuHuo sets conditions is Russia’s most typical, one of the most popular folk handicraft. Set of accidentally is using color paint describe, mostly to wear traditional Russian folk dress wrapped head scarf, carrying a-tisket, very bright and lovely. Sets conditions price with wood quality and production process, fine different degree of cheap has $1 to $3.Russia’s names always make Chinese headache, Russia’s name all by name, the father says and last name three components, and have great gabito, nickname and say, name is equivalent to the Chinese name, namely formal name. Name and great gabito, nickname is mutual correspond. In the actual exchange, to keep shout name is very necessary. The Soviet period, most commonly called a comrade and citizen, and nowadays, men and women are common, “”mother ShenNa”” namely man, man pronunciation, “”connect content assorted honk”” is a lady, girl, miss titles. The teen years to five, sixty years old, can use for older women, don’t call somebody else granny “”ba bush quack,””, that is highly polite, Russia are afraid of being said she old. For boys, can keep shout “”youth””.Etiquette, send a flower is the greatest of gifts, but must remember, flower must send singular. Chocolate is universal gift, value needn’t too high, should be “”that counts. Chinese if give relatives and friends to bring a gift, wood set of dolls are preferred. Wood of doll also called “”matvey, liao assorted card””, is small to large layer sets up. Shawl, wood products, uniforms, the military kettle, mementoes, crystal products, as well as telescopes, night-vision goggles, craft watches, pocket watch, etc. Large and Russian tea drink. Of Russian of vodka is the best gift.
Russia’s modern history is generally considered to be traced back to the establishment of the Grand Duchy of Moscow was beginning. But in Russia, from ancient human habitation.
Moscow was built in 1147, Grand Duke Vladimir Yuri Road Carew Ki is its founder. His monument has been erected in the square in front of the Moscow city government. In 1547, Grand Duke of Moscow, said the coronation of Tsar Ivan IV, built the Kremlin, the Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually developed into Northeast Ross political, economic, cultural and religious center, leading other countries to get rid of the Mongol Tatar public rule making Roth became an independent country. To commemorate the 1552 military victory over the Kazan Tatars, Ivan the Terrible ordered the construction of Basil’s Cathedral.
When Peter the Great 17th century, the rapid development of many European countries, and Russia serfdom still prevailed. To imitate the West, Peter sent missions in 1697 went to study in Western Europe, and he toured a pseudonym, after returning home to implement a series of reforms, known as Peter I reforms in the political, military, economic, scientific and cultural improves Russia’s strength. In 1721, Peter declared the Russian Empire. Catherine II period, an unprecedented expansion of the territory, known as “”the golden age of the empire.””
In the meantime, in 1703, Peter the Great built on the Neva estuary check 亚茨 Peter fortress island, after the expansion of the city, St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg, Peter the Great to establish the purpose is to make Russia learn from the West, learning in Europe, learning the advanced capitalism. And the implementation of Europe in St. Petersburg gentleman, holding the ball, the implementation of the French, running schools, known as “”Russia’s most European city.”” 1712 army, moved here from Moscow the Russian capital, for 200 years. Monuments have to stay during the Winter Palace, Peterhof, Nevsky Prospect.
After the October 1917 revolution, the Soviet Communist Party came to power, the implementation of communist policies, the absorption of other small countries have become member nations, country called the Soviet Union.
Lenin’s death in 1924, was buried in what is now the Lenin Mausoleum. After Stalin led the people in socialist construction has made great achievements. Underground palace of art known as the Moscow Metro is then opened. The Soviet Union became the second, the first European socialist industry and agriculture developed powerful socialist country in the world in 1940. Stalin era left a Stalinist architecture style of some of the buildings: Moscow University.
1941-1945 Soviet people defeated the brutal fascist Germany. To commemorate the sacrifice of the unsung heroes of the anti-fascist war, the Soviet Union built the famous Tomb of Unknown Soldier in 1967.
Successive leaders of the Soviet Union as well as Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, Cheka in families, Mikhail Gorbachev and the like. Novodevichy cemetery can be seen in their cemeteries and very unique statues. Soviet 50–70 years comprehensive confrontation known as the “”Cold War”” with the United States and other Western capitalist countries. 1990s, the republics became independent, the disintegration of the Soviet regime in 1991.
“”Russian Federation”” and “”Russia”” with the name of the country, capitalist and presidential system, led by President Boris Yeltsin. In 1994, Christ the Savior Cathedral began to rebuild.
Social Customs
Russians are very particular about the call, but if you and they just generally play deal, they do not know all the tricks of the.
In the streets, shops, buses and other common situations, you can call each other “”you”” (K), or “”comrade”” (Dawalixi).
If further conversation, you can press the other sex and age, are called “”Sir”” (Ga Siba Nigeria season), “”Miss”” “”Jiewushiga””, “”Ms.”” (dum), “”Friends”” (available Luke) , “”young man”” (Maradona lei).
With the Russians in a more formal occasion awareness and talk to each other, to try to remember the full name of the other party, it is necessary to call his name plus father’s surname, to show respect and polite, and remember: “”You”” do not say “”you.””
Ritual practices
Russian general’s gift is the handshake, but a handshake to take off gloves, long-awaited common friends hugged and kissed the ceremony, men in general kiss lady hand. In the solemn occasion, the Russian people with the “”bread of salt”” way to greet guests representing the highest respect and warmest welcome, a guest invited to the Russian people, should strip entered and cap, Xianxiang hostess say hello, again man of the house and others say hello, men smoking, first obtain the consent of the ladies.
Ethnic Clothing
In Russian folk, married women must wear headscarves, and mainly white; unmarried girls not wearing headscarves, but often wear a hat. In the city, the Russian people currently wear a suit or skirt, Russian women often have to wear a dress. Typical Russian national costume are: Xie Jin Men long-sleeved shirt is usually embroidered neckline and hem, tied a belt over a shirt to wear. Shirt is generally used linen cloth, made of white cotton cloth, but also useful colorful fabric made. Pants a little fat, is made with a white cloth or dyed fabric.
Diet Custom
Caviar, borscht, as well as traditional small pancakes, are very ethnic characteristics. Usually in the Russian table of the most common is a wide variety of meat, almost every meal there will be beef, lamb, steak, sausages.
Russians often drink honey drinks, kvass and so on. Russians love to drink is world-famous, the most important wine comes vodka. Russians have a habit of drinking tea, the main drinking tea.
Taboo
1, the Russian people, especially taboo “”13″” figure, that it is dangerous and a symbol of death. On the contrary, that “”7″” means happiness and success.
2, the Russian people do not like black, that it will not bring good luck.
3, Russians believe mirrors are sacred items, broken mirror means the destruction of the soul, but if you break the cups, saucers, plates it means wealth and happiness, so wedding dinner, your birthday and other solemn occasions, will Some deliberately broken disk and celebrate.
4, let the smoke, generally handed the cigarette to let self-created, not just to one. Special attention not to a match point three people smoke. When men smoke, ask your mind beside women do not mind. When we go out, the man to help fellow women wear a coat, pull the door.
5, please look at when talking to each other, not a word, to show respect.
6, the toilet-generation language is “”I’m sorry, wait,”” or to say “”I’m sorry, I make a call, please wait.””
7, to take off gloves when shaking hands, do not shake each other’s hand, general relationship, gently grip; when a good relationship can be hard.
8, for the elderly women do not first hand. First meeting of women can be the first bow.
9, you are a woman, please avoid to dress when fan fan, otherwise unnecessary misunderstanding.
10, can not hand pointing to others, do not yell when talking to the Russian people either do not speak in public, or whispered, very civilized.
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匿名用户
Russia , also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia,Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the U.S.state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is thelargest country in the world, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth’s inhabited land area. Russia is also the world’s ninth most populous nation with 143 million people as of 2012. Extending across the whole ofnorthern Asia, Russia spans nine time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world’s largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil andnatural gas globally. Russia has the world’s largest forest reserves. Its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world’s liquid fresh water, 20% in Lake Baikal alone.
The nation’s history began with that of the East Slavs, who emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, themedieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.Rus’ ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus’ lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde. The Grand Duchy of Moscowgradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus’. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland in Europe to Alaska in North America.
Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Soviet Union, the world’s first constitutionally socialist state and a recognized superpower, which played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world’s first human spaceflight. The Russian Federation became the successor state of the Russian SFSR following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, and is recognized as the continuing legal personality of the All-Union state.
The Russian economy is the world’s eighth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity, with the 3rd largest nominal military budget. Russia is one of the world’s fastest growing major economies. It is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a member of the G8, G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and is the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
摘自维基百科
匿名用户
中文:俄罗斯独特的民俗风情””英文在下面喔””
俄罗斯人对酒怀有一种特殊的情结。女士们一般喜欢喝香槟酒和果酒，而伏特加则是男士们的至爱。俄罗斯人喜欢喝纯粹的白酒，并喜欢大杯大杯地豪饮下去。这是他们豪爽浪漫、不拘小节性格的反映。
俄罗斯有用面包和盐迎接贵客的习惯。一进酒店，就见两个象从童话里走出来的盛装俄罗斯姑娘款款走上前，她们亲切地行礼，然后递给你一块圆面包，面包上边放着一个小盐缸。您撕下一小块面包，沾上盐吃了。用面包和盐接待客人，是因为盐在历史上是很昂贵的，沿袭至今，表示对贵客的友好和尊重。
套偶或套娃是俄罗斯最典型、最普及的民间工艺品之一。套偶是用彩色油漆加以描绘，大多穿传统的俄罗斯民间服饰，包着头巾，提着小花篮，煞是鲜艳可爱。套娃的价格随着木头的质量和制作工艺的精细程度不同，便宜的有1至3美元。
俄罗斯的人名常常令中国人头痛，俄罗斯的姓名全部由名字，父称和姓三部分组成，又有小名，爱称和呢称，名字相当于中国人的大名，即正式名字。大名与小名，爱称是相互对应的。在实际交流中，直呼大名是非常必要的。苏联时期，最常用的称呼是同志和公民，而如今，男士和女士则是常用的，“母申娜”即男人，男士的读音，“接物什嘎”则是女士，姑娘、小姐的称呼。从十几岁到五、六十岁都可以用，对上了年纪的女性，千万别叫人家老奶奶“巴布什嘎”，那是极不礼貌的，俄罗斯怕别人说她老。对小伙子，可直呼“年轻人”。
礼仪方面，送鲜花是最佳的礼物，可一定要记住，送花一定要送单数。巧克力则是万能的礼物，价值不必太高，正应了“礼轻情义重”。中国人若给亲戚朋友带礼物，木套娃娃是首选。木套娃娃也叫“玛特辽什卡”，是由小到大一层一层套起来的。大披肩、木雕制品，军服、军用水壶、纪念章、水晶制品，以及望远镜，夜视仪、工艺手表、怀表等。大个的还有俄式茶饮。俄制的伏特加酒也是上好的礼物。
英语：Russia’s unique folk customsThe russians on wine have a special complex. Ladies generally like to drink champagne and wine, and vodka is men’s most beloved. Russians like pure white wine, and like mugs big cup to drink down. This is their gracious romantic, informal section of the character of the reflection.Russia useful bread and salt to meet the honored guest habit. A the hotel, and beheld two from a fairy tales out of the Russian girl dressed tender go forward, they affectionately smartly, then handed you a piece of bread rolls, put a little above salt cylinder. You piece of bread with the salt to eat. With bread and salt reception guests, because salt in history is very expensive, has followed so far, say to the honored guest friendly and respect.Set of OuHuo sets conditions is Russia’s most typical, one of the most popular folk handicraft. Set of accidentally is using color paint describe, mostly to wear traditional Russian folk dress wrapped head scarf, carrying a-tisket, very bright and lovely. Sets conditions price with wood quality and production process, fine different degree of cheap has $1 to $3.Russia’s names always make Chinese headache, Russia’s name all by name, the father says and last name three components, and have great gabito, nickname and say, name is equivalent to the Chinese name, namely formal name. Name and great gabito, nickname is mutual correspond. In the actual exchange, to keep shout name is very necessary. The Soviet period, most commonly called a comrade and citizen, and nowadays, men and women are common, “”mother ShenNa”” namely man, man pronunciation, “”connect content assorted honk”” is a lady, girl, miss titles. The teen years to five, sixty years old, can use for older women, don’t call somebody else granny “”ba bush quack,””, that is highly polite, Russia are afraid of being said she old. For boys, can keep shout “”youth””.Etiquette, send a flower is the greatest of gifts, but must remember, flower must send singular. Chocolate is universal gift, value needn’t too high, should be “”that counts. Chinese if give relatives and friends to bring a gift, wood set of dolls are preferred. Wood of doll also called “”matvey, liao assorted card””, is small to large layer sets up. Shawl, wood products, uniforms, the military kettle, mementoes, crystal products, as well as telescopes, night-vision goggles, craft watches, pocket watch, etc. Large and Russian tea drink. Of Russian of vodka is the best gift.
匿名用户
整体还可以，谢谢了！
匿名用户
Russian history
Russia’s modern history is generally considered to be traced back to the establishment of the Grand Duchy of Moscow was beginning. But in Russia, from ancient human habitation.
Moscow was built in 1147, Grand Duke Vladimir Yuri Road Carew Ki is its founder. His monument has been erected in the square in front of the Moscow city government. In 1547, Grand Duke of Moscow, said the coronation of Tsar Ivan IV, built the Kremlin, the Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually developed into Northeast Ross political, economic, cultural and religious center, leading other countries to get rid of the Mongol Tatar public rule making Roth became an independent country. To commemorate the 1552 military victory over the Kazan Tatars, Ivan the Terrible ordered the construction of Basil’s Cathedral.
When Peter the Great 17th century, the rapid development of many European countries, and Russia serfdom still prevailed. To imitate the West, Peter sent missions in 1697 went to study in Western Europe, and he toured a pseudonym, after returning home to implement a series of reforms, known as Peter I reforms in the political, military, economic, scientific and cultural improves Russia’s strength. In 1721, Peter declared the Russian Empire. Catherine II period, an unprecedented expansion of the territory, known as “”the golden age of the empire.””
In the meantime, in 1703, Peter the Great built on the Neva estuary check 亚茨 Peter fortress island, after the expansion of the city, St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg, Peter the Great to establish the purpose is to make Russia learn from the West, learning in Europe, learning the advanced capitalism. And the implementation of Europe in St. Petersburg gentleman, holding the ball, the implementation of the French, running schools, known as “”Russia’s most European city.”” 1712 army, moved here from Moscow the Russian capital, for 200 years. Monuments have to stay during the Winter Palace, Peterhof, Nevsky Prospect.
After the October 1917 revolution, the Soviet Communist Party came to power, the implementation of communist policies, the absorption of other small countries have become member nations, country called the Soviet Union.
Lenin’s death in 1924, was buried in what is now the Lenin Mausoleum. After Stalin led the people in socialist construction has made great achievements. Underground palace of art known as the Moscow Metro is then opened. The Soviet Union became the second, the first European socialist industry and agriculture developed powerful socialist country in the world in 1940. Stalin era left a Stalinist architecture style of some of the buildings: Moscow University.
1941-1945 Soviet people defeated the brutal fascist Germany. To commemorate the sacrifice of the unsung heroes of the anti-fascist war, the Soviet Union built the famous Tomb of Unknown Soldier in 1967.
Successive leaders of the Soviet Union as well as Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, Cheka in families, Mikhail Gorbachev and the like. Novodevichy cemetery can be seen in their cemeteries and very unique statues. Soviet 50–70 years comprehensive confrontation known as the “”Cold War”” with the United States and other Western capitalist countries. 1990s, the republics became independent, the disintegration of the Soviet regime in 1991.
“”Russian Federation”” and “”Russia”” with the name of the country, capitalist and presidential system, led by President Boris Yeltsin. In 1994, Christ the Savior Cathedral began to rebuild.
Social Customs
Russians are very particular about the call, but if you and they just generally play deal, they do not know all the tricks of the.
In the streets, shops, buses and other common situations, you can call each other “”you”” (K), or “”comrade”” (Dawalixi).
If further conversation, you can press the other sex and age, are called “”Sir”” (Ga Siba Nigeria season), “”Miss”” “”Jiewushiga””, “”Ms.”” (dum), “”Friends”” (available Luke) , “”young man”” (Maradona lei).
With the Russians in a more formal occasion awareness and talk to each other, to try to remember the full name of the other party, it is necessary to call his name plus father’s surname, to show respect and polite, and remember: “”You”” do not say “”you.””
Ritual practices
Russian general’s gift is the handshake, but a handshake to take off gloves, long-awaited common friends hugged and kissed the ceremony, men in general kiss lady hand. In the solemn occasion, the Russian people with the “”bread of salt”” way to greet guests representing the highest respect and warmest welcome, a guest invited to the Russian people, should strip entered and cap, Xianxiang hostess say hello, again man of the house and others say hello, men smoking, first obtain the consent of the ladies.
Ethnic Clothing
In Russian folk, married women must wear headscarves, and mainly white; unmarried girls not wearing headscarves, but often wear a hat. In the city, the Russian people currently wear a suit or skirt, Russian women often have to wear a dress. Typical Russian national costume are: Xie Jin Men long-sleeved shirt is usually embroidered neckline and hem, tied a belt over a shirt to wear. Shirt is generally used linen cloth, made of white cotton cloth, but also useful colorful fabric made. Pants a little fat, is made with a white cloth or dyed fabric.
Diet Custom
Caviar, borscht, as well as traditional small pancakes, are very ethnic characteristics. Usually in the Russian table of the most common is a wide variety of meat, almost every meal there will be beef, lamb, steak, sausages.
Russians often drink honey drinks, kvass and so on. Russians love to drink is world-famous, the most important wine comes vodka. Russians have a habit of drinking tea, the main drinking tea.
Taboo
1, the Russian people, especially taboo “”13″” figure, that it is dangerous and a symbol of death. On the contrary, that “”7″” means happiness and success.
2, the Russian people do not like black, that it will not bring good luck.
3, Russians believe mirrors are sacred items, broken mirror means the destruction of the soul, but if you break the cups, saucers, plates it means wealth and happiness, so wedding dinner, your birthday and other solemn occasions, will Some deliberately broken disk and celebrate.
4, let the smoke, generally handed the cigarette to let self-created, not just to one. Special attention not to a match point three people smoke. When men smoke, ask your mind beside women do not mind. When we go out, the man to help fellow women wear a coat, pull the door.
5, please look at when talking to each other, not a word, to show respect.
6, the toilet-generation language is “”I’m sorry, wait,”” or to say “”I’m sorry, I make a call, please wait.””
7, to take off gloves when shaking hands, do not shake each other’s hand, general relationship, gently grip; when a good relationship can be hard.
8, for the elderly women do not first hand. First meeting of women can be the first bow.
9, you are a woman, please avoid to dress when fan fan, otherwise unnecessary misunderstanding.
10, can not hand pointing to others, do not yell when talking to the Russian people either do not speak in public, or whispered, very civilized.
俄罗斯的历史
现代一般认为俄罗斯的历史应追溯至莫斯科大公国的建立为始。但是在俄罗斯境内，自远古就有人类居住。
莫斯科建于1147年，弗拉基米尔大公尤里·道卡鲁怾是其奠基人。他的纪念像一直矗立在莫斯科市政府前面的广场上。1547年，莫斯科大公伊凡四世加冕称沙皇，建造克里姆林宫，莫斯科大公国逐渐发展为东北罗斯的政治、经济、文化和宗教中心，领导其他公国摆脱了蒙古鞑靼的统治，使罗斯成为一个独立的国家。为了纪念1552年战胜喀山鞑靼军队，伊凡大帝下令建造瓦西里大教堂。
彼得大帝17世纪时，欧洲许多国家发展迅速，而俄国农奴制度还在盛行。为了效法西方，彼得一世在1697年派遣使团赴西欧考察，自己也化名随团出访，回国后实行了一系列改革，史称彼得一世改革，在政治、军事、经济、科学文化各方面提高了俄罗斯的实力。1721年，彼得一世宣布俄罗斯为帝国。叶卡捷琳娜二世时期，领土空前膨胀，被称为“帝国的黄金时期”。
在此期间，1703年，彼得大帝在涅瓦河口的查亚茨岛上建立彼得要塞，后扩建为城，称圣彼得堡。彼得大帝建立圣彼得堡市的目的就是使俄罗斯学习西方，学习欧洲，学习资本主义的先进。并在圣彼得堡推行欧洲的绅士风度，举办舞会、推行法语、开办学校，被称为“俄罗斯最欧洲的城市”。1712军，俄国首都从莫斯科迁到这里，持续200余年。期间留下来的名胜古迹有冬宫、夏宫、涅瓦大街。
1917年十月革命后，苏联共产党取得了政权，实行共产主义政策，吸收其他小国家成为加盟国，定国名为苏联。
1924年列宁逝世，被安葬在现在的列宁墓。之后，斯大林领导人民进行社会主义建设取得了伟大的成就。有地下艺术宫殿之称的莫斯科地铁就是那时开通的。苏联在1940年成为世界第二，欧洲第一的社会主义强大工农业发达的社会主义国家。斯大林时代留下了斯大林式建筑风格的一些建筑：莫斯科大学等。
1941至1945年苏联人民打败了凶残的法西斯德国。为了纪念反法西斯战争牺牲的无名英雄，苏联于1967年建造了著名的无名烈士墓。
苏联的历届领导人还有赫鲁晓夫、勃列日涅夫、安德罗波夫、契卡年科、戈尔巴乔夫等。新圣女墓园中可以看到他们的墓地和很有特色的雕像。苏联在50-70年代与美国等西方资本主义国家进行全面的对峙史称“冷战”。90年代，加盟共和国纷纷独立，苏联政权于1991年解体。
“俄罗斯联邦”和“俄罗斯”同为国名，实行资本主义和总统制，叶利钦为首任总统。1994年，基督救世主大教堂开始重建。
社交习俗
俄罗斯人相当讲究称呼，不过如果你和他们只是一般打打交道，就不用清楚所有的章法了。
在大街、商店、公共汽车等平常场合，你可称对方“您”(威)，或“同志”(达瓦里西)。
如果进一步交谈，你可以按对方性别年龄，分别称“先生”(嘎斯巴季尼)、“小姐”“捷乌什嘎”、“女士”(达姆)、“朋友”(得路克)、“小伙子”(马拉多依)。
与俄罗斯人在一个较正式的场合互相认识和交谈，要努力记住对方的全名，既要称呼他的名字还要加上父姓，以示尊敬和客气，而且记住：称“您”不称“你”。
礼仪习俗
俄罗斯人一般的见面礼是握手，但握手时要脱下手套，久别的亲朋好友常用亲吻拥抱礼，男士一般吻女士的手背。在隆重的场合，俄罗斯人用“面包加盐”的方式迎接贵宾表示最高的敬意和最热烈的欢迎，应邀到俄罗斯人家做客，进屋后应脱衣帽，先向女主人问好，再向男主人和其他人问好，男士吸烟，要先征得女士们的同意。
民族服饰
在俄民间，已婚妇女必须戴头巾，并以白色的为主；未婚姑娘则不戴头巾， 但常戴帽子。在城市里，俄罗斯人当前多穿西装或套裙，俄罗斯妇女往往还要穿一条连衣裙。典型的俄罗斯民族服装是：男子是斜襟长袖衬衣，通常在领口和下摆有绣花，穿时在衬衣外面系一根腰带。衬衣一般是用麻纱布、白棉布做成，也有用色彩鲜艳的花布做成。裤子稍肥，是用白布或染色的花布做成。
饮食习俗
鱼子酱，罗宋汤，还有传统小煎饼，都是非常有民族特色的。通常在俄罗斯餐桌上最常见的就是各种各样的肉类食品，几乎每餐都会有牛肉、羊肉、牛排、香肠等。
俄罗斯人常饮用的饮料有蜂蜜、格瓦斯等。俄罗斯人爱喝酒是世界闻名的，其中最重要的酒类当属伏特加。俄罗斯人有喝茶的习惯，主要饮用红茶。
忌讳
1、俄罗斯人特别忌讳“13”这个数字，认为它是凶险和死亡的象征。相反，认为“7”意味着幸福和成功。
2、俄罗斯人不喜欢黑猫，认为它不会带来好运气。
3、俄罗斯人认为镜子是神圣的物品，打碎镜子意味着灵魂的毁灭，但是如果打碎杯、碟、盘则意味着富贵和幸福，因此在喜筵、寿筵和其它隆重的场合，会特意打碎一些碟盘表示庆贺。
4、让烟时，一般要递上烟盒让其自取，不能只给一支。特别注意不要一根火柴点三个人的烟。男人吸烟时，先问问你身旁妇女介意不介意。出门时，男子帮助同行妇女穿大衣，拉大门。
5、谈话时请看着对方，不插话，以示尊敬。
6、上厕所的代语是“对不起，请等一下”或说“对不起，我去打个电话，请等一等”。
7、握手时要脱手套，不摇对方的手，一般的关系，轻轻地握；关系很好时可用力。
8、对年长者的妇女，别先伸手。对初见面的妇女，可先鞠躬。
9、你是女子，请切忌以裙子当扇子扇风，否则引起不必要的误会。
10、对他人不得用手指指点点，交谈时不要大声嚷嚷，俄罗斯人在公共场合要么不说话，要么低声交谈，很文明。